Traditional Manufacturing Syst essays

Traditional Manufacturing Syst essays Traditional European manufacturing was carried on in 2 different systems. Gild and cottage industry. Gild was placed in towns and cities, cottage in largely rural areas. The gild was a professional organization of free artisans skilled in a particular craft. The skills passed from generation to generation through an apprenticeship system. A boy served as a apprentice, for example, copper or potter worked a few years as helper and at the end the young men demonstrated his skills before an examining board composed of members of the particular gild. Many relicts of the guild system remained till today as for a membership typical standards. A much more common traditional system of manufacturing, cottage industry, remained confined to European farm villages, generally practiced as a sideline to agriculture. In Britain during the 1600 century some skilled craftsmen begin to move to rural areas to escape confining, formal character of the urban guilds, which acted to keep membership and production low, while the quality of goods and prices remained high. By fleeing to the villages and small towns they had the freedom to increase output and cheapen products and so to enlarge the market. In cottage industry, the outputs began to increase and they sold in a larger territory, abandoning farming all together. All this happened in small corners of England and let to manufacturing innovations occurred in the 1700 forever changing England, Europe and the entire world. Both primary and secondary industry, both gild and cottage manufacturing systems were fundamentally altered by the industrial revolution. The inventions that have been made represent the most rapid and pervasive tech. change in the history of human race. First machines replaced human hands in extracting primary resources and fashioning products. Through machines the job could be done faster and more economically. The second change involved the rise of inanimate...

Free Essays on Women In Ancient Greece

Women Lives In Ancient Greece Although women in fact play virtually no public role other than a religious one in the political and social life of ancient Greece, they dominate the imaginative life of Greek men to a degree almost unparalleled in the Western tradition.... Greek writers used the female–in a fashion that bore little resemblance to the lives of actual women-to understand, express, criticize, and experiment with the problems and contradictions of their culture.(Foley) How does the statement made by Foley hold true? Before one can assess the argument of â€Å"real† women versus â€Å"literary† women of Ancient Greece, it is crucial to know their place in Greek culture. Women in Ancient Greece were believed to have strong emotions with weak minds. Thus, they were given a kyrio, or guardian, to protect them from not only damaging themselves but from others as well. This guardian, the closest male birth relative or when applicable, husband, controlled most of her life, as her citizenship entitled her only to the possibility of marriage and to her husband’s religious associations. While having the ability to own her own clothing, jewelry, and slave, as well as to procure other inexpensive items, she was forbidden to own property, buy anything of Schneider 2 considerably value, cross the threshold into a verbal or written contract, or boast any political or economical benefits. Women were married soon after puberty to a man of her father’s choosing. Love was not necessary for marriage, as the only two purposes for marriage were the administration and conservation of property and to procreate. Women did not usually marry out of their class, as marriage ceremonies, for the most part, took place between close families. The rich married the rich. The poor married the poor. As one can see, women did not play a very large public role in Greece. Their role can be summed up simply as â€Å"the best wife, according to one... Free Essays on Women In Ancient Greece Free Essays on Women In Ancient Greece Women Lives In Ancient Greece Although women in fact play virtually no public role other than a religious one in the political and social life of ancient Greece, they dominate the imaginative life of Greek men to a degree almost unparalleled in the Western tradition.... Greek writers used the female–in a fashion that bore little resemblance to the lives of actual women-to understand, express, criticize, and experiment with the problems and contradictions of their culture.(Foley) How does the statement made by Foley hold true? Before one can assess the argument of â€Å"real† women versus â€Å"literary† women of Ancient Greece, it is crucial to know their place in Greek culture. Women in Ancient Greece were believed to have strong emotions with weak minds. Thus, they were given a kyrio, or guardian, to protect them from not only damaging themselves but from others as well. This guardian, the closest male birth relative or when applicable, husband, controlled most of her life, as her citizenship entitled her only to the possibility of marriage and to her husband’s religious associations. While having the ability to own her own clothing, jewelry, and slave, as well as to procure other inexpensive items, she was forbidden to own property, buy anything of Schneider 2 considerably value, cross the threshold into a verbal or written contract, or boast any political or economical benefits. Women were married soon after puberty to a man of her father’s choosing. Love was not necessary for marriage, as the only two purposes for marriage were the administration and conservation of property and to procreate. Women did not usually marry out of their class, as marriage ceremonies, for the most part, took place between close families. The rich married the rich. The poor married the poor. As one can see, women did not play a very large public role in Greece. Their role can be summed up simply as â€Å"the best wife, according to one...

Pro Bono in the English Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pro Bono in the English Legal System - Essay Example For instance, in accordance with German law in case a litigant is unable to pay for juridical costs, he/she may appeal for free legal assistance. According to German law inability to represent the case in the court goes against public interests. In order to get free legal assistance a stated claim must be well grounded and perspective for win. Free legal aid in England and Wales is presented by a long set system. Lawyers representing clients without a fee are said to be working pro bono publico. According to Glossary of Labour and Legal Terminology Pro Bono Publico from Latin means for the public good 1. If to consider the term "pro bono" in an England and Wales context it should be pointed out that pro bono activity presuppose a level of organisational commitment beyond the incidental. In respect that we may define pro bono legal work as "legal advice or representation provided by layers on an organised basis to individuals and community groups who can not afford to pay for that advice or representation and where no public funding is available"2. It should be mentioned that pro bono legal work has a very significant purpose. We should clearly realize that pro bono is not just a kind of charity activities or some substitute for public funding. According to Attorney General,"pro bono is a complement to a publicly funded legal service. But there will always be an unmet legal need however generous a legal aid system is - and the demands for education, schools, hospitals, doctors, nacres, public services of all sorts means that legal aid can never be funded from bottomless purse". There is no doubt that pro bono work is a very important for every representative of legal profession, as together with practical skills it provides a lawyer with the ethos of pro bono culture. Now let us consider the biggest organisational units of pro bono legal work in England and Wales: Free Representation Unit - founded in the 70s of XX century by the initiative of a of Bar students for Legal Advice. Nowadays Free Representational Unit provides legal aid mostly in social security and employment cases by virtue of two full-time caseworkers staff and three part-time administrative staff. Bar Pro Bono Unit - founded in 1996 as a high profile Bar initiative headed by Lord Goldsmith. The unit "tends to represent in areas where there is no public funding such as employment, criminal injuries, planning inquires, defamation, inquest, immigration, and social security case"3. Solicitors Pro Bono Group (now renamed Law Works) - has been founded as an initiative of small number of City solicitors, which mostly depend for its funding on large City firms. This group has a number of projects such as Law Works and Law Works for Community Groups, Law Works Mediation, Law Works Web, and initiatives aimed at students. Kevin Martin, the president of Law Society, said: "Despite the headlines about fat cat lawyers, there are countless stories of solicitors doing voluntary work and giving free legal advice. We hope to raise the profile of pro bono work and dispel the myth that lawyers are only interested in making moneyIt is important to emphasise that pro bono work is in no way a substitute for a proper system of publicly funded legal services"4. Let us try to define what place pro bono legal work occupies in the legal system of England and Wales. The sine qua non of legal system's efficiency is an